Parent Incarceration And Juvenile Delinquency - 2320 Words

Parent Incarceration and Juvenile Delinquency Jeury Nunez Reyes John Jay College of Criminal Justice April 1st, 2016 Abstract Since the late 1900’s incarceration rates have been rising constantly. Incarceration impacts other individuals that aren’t behind bars locked up in a cell. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1.5 million minors deal with parental incarceration every year (Harrison Beck, 2006).This project will investigate/ observe the effects of parental incarceration on male juveniles. Young juveniles of prisoners appear to suffer from the difficult living environments due to lack of guardianship leading them to commit crimes and violent offenses. The main focus of this project is to validate and observe the behavior of juveniles whose parents are incarcerated. There would be two control groups to be evaluated; Juveniles that haven’t had their parents incarcerated, and those who have been incarcerated throughout their lifetimes. This study will use data from the analysis conducted from the office of state courts administrator juvenile office risk. These children wo uld be observed to analyze if any anti-social behavior is depicted. It is reasonable to predict that juveniles, whose parents have been incarcerated throughout their lifetime, will demonstrate acts of violence and illegal behaviors towards society. Prisoners’ children are more accessible to violence since no parental supervision is acquired when the parents are locked up.Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Sentencing974 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile courts have a wide range of sentencing options (usually called disposition orders) that they can impose on juveniles or youth offenders who are found to be delinquent (that is, finding that the minor violated a criminal law). Typically, disposition options fall into two camps: incarceration and non-incarceration. One non-incarceration option in particular -- probation -- forms the backbone of the juvenile justice system. Read on to learn about the different kinds of sentencing optionsRead MoreChild Abuse And Neglect Cause Juvenile Delinque ncy1156 Words   |  5 PagesNeglect cause Juvenile Delinquency Strain theory describes the idea that there are certain events and conditions in an individual’s life that are disliked and involve the inability to achieve goals, loss of positively valued stimuli, and presentation of negative stimuli (Brezina and Agnew). Child neglect and abuse can be described by this theory, and often is, because of its elements and the effect it has on children. Before the idea of child abuse and neglect causing juvenile delinquency can be arguedRead MoreThe Causes of Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagesresults from that of the parent and peer influences. Parents play a particularly influential role in their child’s life and it is up to them to make sure that they are leading their sons or daughters in the right directions. A teen’s peers also play a large role in how the teen behaves when the parents are not around. A teen’s social environment, consisting of family and peers, plays a vital role in their li fe, therefore becoming the ultimate cause of juvenile delinquency. A finding that emergesRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Treatment : Description And Fundamental Principles1452 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency Treatment: Description and Fundamental Principles When treating juvenile delinquency the goal is to punish or rehabilitate the problem children after they have offended and been caught. To punish is to induce pain or payment for misconduct, while rehabilitation revolves around productive work pertaining to a program of education, along with counseling of some nature (Musick, 1995, pg. 233). It is typically assumed that adolescents deserve and require distinct management becauseRead MoreThe Impact of Gender and Family on Juvenile Delinquency in the United States888 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile delinquency is of great concern in the United States. In 2007 over 2 million arrests were juveniles. There are two types of juvenile delinquency. The first type of offense is a behavior that would be a criminal violation for an adult. The other offense is called a â€Å"status† offense. Status offenses are delinquent actions that do not apply to adults, like running away and truancy. This paper will discuss the impact of gender and fa mily on delinquency and the treatment by gender in the juvenileRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System1423 Words   |  6 PagesWithin the criminal justice system, juvenile delinquency is an issue that I find the most overlooked and it is a problem that is growing, particularly in the poorer areas. The term juvenile delinquency refers to the antisocial or criminal activity under the age of 18 which violates the law. Everyone is affected by juvenile crime, parents, teachers, families and neighbors. It is essential that programs are implemented to help with juvenile delinquents. Although delinquency rates have decreased dramaticallyRead MoreJuvenile Justice And Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper is to research the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act. The paper will focus on the purpose of this legislation, as well as the values that are expressed by this policy. This paper will not only address why this piece of legislation is important it will discuss the effects this act has had on the communities as well as the youths themselves. This paper, will also address the potential for change about the public attitudes towards the juvenile justice system and theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The United States1458 Words   |  6 Pages Juvenile Delinquency in the United States We live in a world where there is a great deal of investment allotted to our children and our culture tend to be overprotective of our youth. Rightfully so, our younger citizens are considered the building blocks of our nation and the carriers of our legacy in the future. But in spite of stringent laws that seem to protect our youth, other factors such as race, poverty, and environment are catalysts for delinquent youth behavior. Juvenile crime isRead MoreWhile Children’S Delinquency Has Been Tied To A Wide Variety1029 Words   |  5 PagesWhile children’s delinquency has been tied to a wide variety of factors, ranging from personality, impulsivity, and intelligence to socioeconomic and community influences, family circumstances are consistently identified in both the research literature and the popular media as one of the leading predictors of delinquent behaviors (Farrington 2007). Before the nineteenth century, misbehavior and crime were defined so consistently in i ndividualistic terms as a moral failure of the individual and thatRead MoreEssay on Juvenile Justice1630 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Mark Roggeman Colorado Christian University Juvenile Delinquents and Treatment Models Among those who work in the juvenile justice system there is much discussion on how to effectively determine the appropriate consequences and or treatment for their actions. There are those who believe in punishment that includes incarceration and boot camp and there are those who believe in treatment programs with

Diabetes A Growing Issue - 1149 Words

Diabetes mellitus has been a growing issue in the United States. Type 2 diabetes has been in the spotlight due to the rapidly increasing numbers of obese Americans. Many people suffering from type 2 diabetes can control or overcome the disease by adopting a healthier lifestyle. Unfortunately, not all diabetics can correct or prevent the problem with better diet and exercise. Type 1 diabetes can affect anyone; including people with a healthy lifestyle. At this time, there is no known cure for Type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune condition in which the pancreas no longer produces insulin. The lack of insulin makes it impossible for the glucose to enter cells to be used as energy. The onset of the disease happens very quickly and can occur at any age. For people with type 1 diabetes, the problem begins in the pancreas. The pancreas contains the Islets of Langerhans, which are groups of many different types of cells. The can be around 3,000 to 4,000 cells in each cluster. The beta cells, which are responsible for producing insulin, can be found in the islets of Langerhans. In the case of the type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system damages or destroys the beta cells. This means the cells can no longer provide adequate amounts of insulin. With no insulin to facilitate the transfer of glucose to the cells, unhealthy blood glucose levels develop along with many other complications. After carbohydrates are consumed,Show MoreRelatedDiabetes, The Fastest And Largest Growing Health Issue Essay1909 Words   |  8 PagesType 2 diabetes report: Samantha Johnstone ‘Does obesity contribute to a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes’ Diabetes is the fastest and largest growing health issue in New Zealand. Diabetes is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions internationally and within the New Zealand community. It is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure and lower limb amputations. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (adult-onset diabetes mellitus)Read MoreObesity Is The Silent American Murderer Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pages Many Americans are not aware of the prevalent issue of obesity; obesity is an expensive disease to treat, and it is also likely to lead to severe health implications such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and more. Obesity is a large issue for Americans. Harvard Men’s Health Watch says, â€Å"Obesity is not a new problem. Forty years ago, 4 of every 10 Americans were overweight or obese. But obesity is a growing problem, and it’s growing quickly; today, two of every three Americans needRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes855 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes Mellitus Type 2 is on the rise in the United States, with a new case diagnosed every 30 seconds (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, 2015). Diabetes is similarly on the rise in Africa, with an estimated 8 million cases to be diagnosed by 2025 (Mbanya,2006, p. 1628-1629). The standard of care for a diabetes patient is the same however, regardless of the continent. However due to the economic restraints of Africa, the standard of care is not feasible for most and the patient therefore suffersRead MorePhysical Education Is A Subject That Many People Overlook1547 Words   |  7 Pagesis just as important as math or science and that it could prevent childhood obesity or help a child with diabetes. Elementary physical education is more than just running around and playing games. Although it may seem that way to a child, to parents, we should realize that physical education is a subject area for our children to grow, to be healthy and also learn about health related issues and information about health throughout the physical education curriculum. Physical education class willRead MoreTaking a Look at Diabetes636 Words   |  3 PagesDiabetes is a disease that affects millions of people around the world. Diabetes has become a rapidly growing issue that has drawn concern from both doctors and patients alike. Around 25 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes. Also around 80 million people have pre-diabetes mellitus. There are almost two million people who are diagnosed with diabetes each year. If diabetes rates don’t soon begin to drop, an estimated one in every three adults will haveRead MoreChildhood Obesity And The United S tates1286 Words   |  6 Pagesmore than tripled which has caused a growing pandemic of childhood obesity in the United States. Out of all the young children and adolescents within the age group of two through nineteen about 12.7 million are obese. That is the equivalent of about 17% of America’s population that is suffering from childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is too prevalent in all American households. Childhood obesity is detrimental on a national scale, since it has been growing at a steady rate in the United StatesRead MoreFood For The Quality Of Food855 Words   |  4 Pagesthat will give them the proper amount of nutrients. The diseases that are developing are also a huge problem because our bodies are already mismatched to our environment, so giving us humans more food that is not nutritionally adequate makes this issue much worse. 5) From Food Culture to Food Science Pollan discusses how the glamor of the western diet has overwhelmed the traditions of food. The traditions have been replaced with science, marketing and journalism. Nutritionism has also led toRead MoreEssay about Global Health and Diabetes1323 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal health is defined as â€Å"health problems, issues, or concerns that transcend national borders† (Institute of Medicine, 1997, p. 2). Koplan (2009) proposed a new definition for global health which he described as an â€Å"area for study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide† (para, 7). Global health emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions from an interdisciplinary perspective and blendsRead MoreDiabetes : A Common And Well Known Disease1564 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diabetes is a common and well-known disease in the US. Healthcare providers manage the care of patients daily as both direct and indirect effects of diabetes contribute to their poor health. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is characterized by high blood sugar levels as a result of insulin resistance. The risk factors associated with an increasing prevalence in the US includes genetics, family history, poor eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.1 Healthcare providers are challengedRead MoreDiabetes As A Western Disease1489 Words   |  6 Pagesreactions and energy we obtain from food we eat. While some food may make us active and full of energy, some may make us sluggish and lazy. Diabetes has been around for decades, as the increase in assortment of food and different varieties have become assessable to individuals globally, we have been dealt with a larger problem than many predicated. Diabetes started as a western disease has made its way to being a global problem with many or ganizations leading the fight to find ways to reduce the

Legalization of Medical Marijuana Free Essays

Many people go around and live their lives, seeing many of their acquaintances daily. What they may not know, Is what they do in their free time. So many people go home, out, anywhere they want, and they smoke pot. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalization of Medical Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Having many other names, Its proper name Is Marijuana which Is made by the Cannabis plant. To the eyes of many, smoking pot Is dangerous and Immoral. To the users, It could be the opposite. It Is Illegal today, which Is a topic discussed among a wide variety of people today In the US, and even the world. Many people believe that it should be legalized for a wide variety of purposes. Those who are opposed, feel it’s too dangerous to be put on the market. The legalization of marijuana is discussed about in all parts of the country, and could help in treating diseases and helping patients, but could also lead to more teen use, and even deaths. Today, there are more than a dozen states, which have legalized marijuana, many for medicinal purposes. Although it may not cure diseases, it helps many patients to avoid, suppress, and alleviate the pain. There are many sissies In particular that it helps to alleviate. Glaucoma Is just one disease that the effects, untreated, can lead to pain, discomfort, and blindness. In general, Glaucoma is a condition that causes pressure within the eyeball. Glaucoma is when damage occurs to the optic nerve, and leads to a series of eye conditions. There are several types, but the four major ones are; open-angle (chronic) glaucoma, angle-closure (acute) glaucoma, congenital glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness. Once marijuana is smoked, it may alleviate the reassure. Other medications can be prescribed, but these prescription drugs have a tendency to lose their effectiveness (Grids 1). Multiple Sclerosis is another ailment, that the effects are very crippling. Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. Multiple Sclerosis has a long list of symptoms that may cause pain, and/or make the patient feel uncomfortable to be In their own body (Sieve 1). Talk show host, Monnet Williams, talks about his first hand experience with Multiple Sclerosis. Williams had said, â€Å"When the neurologist said hose words – â€Å"You have MS† It hit me Like a brick. I thought the diagnosis was a death sentence (http://mm. Mantels. Org/Mantels. PH). † In his case, Monnet had episodes of excruciating pain, even prior to his diagnosis. He had been prescribed concoction, and opium, which had him suffering through painful and uncomfortable side effects. And now for many years, Monnet Williams has been using medical marijuana, inhibiting the pain caused by his disease. He has launched a public campaign, searching for a cure for MS, and the legalization of medical marijuana. Williams makes a excellent point, when he says he feels it should definitely be legalized, but strict enough, so that people who actually need it, have access to it. Marijuana has allowed Monnet Williams to become a contributing member of society, and live his life again (The Dry. Oz show). But the list doesn’t end there. Marijuana Is also used to treat Alchemist’s, Cancer, HIVE/AIDS, ALLS, and epilepsy (James 1). Studies have also shown that the Inhalation of marijuana has also decreased that chance of lung cancer, due to certain chemicals In side of the drug, stopping the growth of plaque. Many people are against it, because of the fact that it is a smoked drug, their own arsenal of prescription drugs in their homes. Medicine cabinets are filled with a bunch of prescription, or over the counter drugs, which are more addictive, more accessible, more harmful, and have more side effects, than marijuana. There is also lots of talk about the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana. There are hundreds of economists that support the idea (Nonfat 1). It may not end the economic crisis, but it may help us take one step closer to becoming a prosperous nation once again. Once it’s legalized, it could be taxed. Once it’s taxed, it could bring in millions, or even billions of dollars, to the federal government. According to Jeffery A. Minor, if Marijuana was taxed like most other consumer goods, the tax revenue would be at least $2. 4 billion annually. However, if it fell under the Sin Tax or Tobacco Tax (taxing products such as tobacco or alcohol) annual revenue may generate up to $6. 2 billion. It will also create thousands of Jobs in agriculture, packaging, marketing, and advertising (Minor 1). Look at California for instance. Since marijuana was glazed in 1996, it has accumulated a total of $14 billion, from annual revenue. This also ties into federal expenses, on containing the drug, and enforcing the law. Many users feel that this is a prohibition, not having legal access to the drug. So they must find other ways to obtain the drug. Some people go to such far ends, Just have one puff. A study was conducted, and in 2010, there were approximately 1,638,846 drug related arrests. About 853,869, a little more than half were arrested, because of marijuana (Borden 1). But if you go even further, you will notice that in only 100,000 asses, approximately, there was actually any use of marijuana. The other 750,000 were charged on the means that it was in their possession. This shows two things. One, that it’s not as addictive as it’s perceived to be. Two, all those resources that are put towards the law enforcers, could be put towards crimes that are more serious. It would allow state police and officers to concentrate on crimes such as drunk driving, school shootings, stalking, burglaries, robberies, child abuse, etc (Stammer 1). So in total, the legalization of marijuana can help treating patients with serious disease, eve economic benefits, and decrease government spending. Which is not so bad, but people are more worried about negative effects on the communities. Although there are many positive effects of the legalization of marijuana, there are some negative effects that people are worried about. First and foremost, many parents and adults are worried about the effects on the community, especially the youth. Many teens nowadays have been starting very young with different types of stuff from a wide variety of; cigarettes, chewing tobaccos, alcohol, and marijuana. There are many seasons why students fall under the influence. People could Just feel stressed and anxious, and feel like marijuana is the cure to all of their problems. Others feel like they need to smoke in order to be cool, and so many fall under the peer pressure. According to surveys, the amount of marijuana use has decreased between the late asses and 2007. Now, the amount has started to increase, since 2006, the use among sophomores and seniors have started to increase. In a survey conducted National Institute on Drug Abuse, 7. 2 percent of 8th graders, 17. 6 percent of 10th graders, and 22. Percent of 12th grader have smoked marijuana months prior to the survey (NADIA 1). There are many who also fear that it is a gateway drug. The younger kids start out smoking marijuana, then start going up the ladder to other tobaccos, cocaine, and but they sure leave a whole lot of side effects. There are short term side effects, and long term side effects. The short term side effects vary from impaired senses, cramps, hallucinations, paranoia, diarrhea, and an increased appetite (causing weight gain). Long term effects include loss of brain cells, energy loss, apathy, cardiovascular robbers, addiction, and pregnancy defects. How to cite Legalization of Medical Marijuana, Papers

Insomnia Analysis Essay Example For Students

Insomnia Analysis Essay Insomnia comes in many forms and worries people of all ages, most commonly for just a night or two, but sometimes for weeks, months, and even years. Insomnia has many causes. Insomnia is a symptom, much like fever or stomachache. There three symptoms commonly shown by people who have insomnia: difficulty falling asleep, no problem falling asleep but difficulty staying asleep with many awakenings, and waking up too early. Difficulty sleeping at night may be related with the following daytime symptoms: sleepiness, anxiety, impaired memory, impaired concentration, and irritability. There are three basic types of insomnia. The first type is called transient insomnia lasting for up to several nights and is usually caused by excitement or stress. Adults may sleep poorly before a key meeting at work or after a quarrel with his or her partner. Many people sleep worse than usual for the first night or two away from home, particularly if they have traveled across many time zones. Nighttime strong physical movements, the flu or other brief illnesses may disrupt sleep temporarily. The second one is situational insomnia. That is two or three weeks of poor sleep and is often developed during ongoing stress at work or at home. Situations such as job delay, divorced, serious illness or death are primary in this type of insomnia. Relief from the situation that provoked disturbed sleep or accommodation to it usually returns a person to his or her usual sleeping pattern. Chronic insomnia is the third and most serious type of the sleeping problems. This sleeping problem lasts for three weeks or longer with poor sleep every night, most nights, or quite a lot of nights of a month. This is a complex disorder with many possible causes. In more than half of all cases of persistent insomnia the cause appears to be a physical illness, such as disorders of breathing or muscle activity. These figures were derived from a nationwide study of 8,000 patients and conducted by the Association of Sleep Disorders Center. One of the causes of insomnia is the use of stimulants. Even though caffeine near bedtime may not disturb sleep, it may bring awakenings later. Caffeine related components are also found in soft drinks, chocolate, and strong tea. Nicotine is a stimulant and it has been shown that smokers take longer to fall asleep and sleep worse than non-smokers. Ingredients in many commonly used drugs, including non-prescription drugs of weight loss, asthma and colds, can disrupt sleep. Although alcohol before bedtime may stimulate sleep, it may also make sleep unstable throughout the night. Another cause for sleep disorders could be irregular sleeping hours. Late hours on weekends as well as shiftwork that demand frequent changes in sleep time may both damage sleep. In contrast, regular hours help program your body to sleep at certain times and to stay awake at others. The inactive behavior that fails to shift into full and active wakefulness during the day may also fail to shift into deep sleep at night. This problem becomes very common in inactive aging people and during illness. Some people can also learn insomnia. Typically people who sleep poorly in times of stress worry about not being able to function during the day. They decide to try harder to sleep at night. Unfortunately, this strong-minded effort often makes them more alert, bringing on more worried thoughts. Activities around the bedroom, changing into night clothes, turning off the lights, puling up the blankets, soon serve as clues that bring wakefulness. People who have trouble falling asleep in their own beds may fall asleep quickly when they do not have it mind, for example, reading a newspaper, watching TV, or driving. .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e , .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .postImageUrl , .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e , .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:hover , .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:visited , .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:active { border:0!important; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:active , .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue117adac7a3d5c8297a7ff175180407e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Can Skepticism Be Defended, Perhaps In A Limited F EssayThe tendency to sleep poorly even a few times a month may be enough to maintain poor sleep. Usually people use treatment for this type of insomnia. The treatment has to improve sleep habits and cure the anxiety. Misuse or overuse of sleeping pills when used every night stops to benefit sleeping after a few weeks. Suddenly stopping to use them may lead to a temporary worsening of insomnia called rebound wakefulness. This problem can be solved by gradually reducing medications. It is best to ask a doctor how to best avoid wakefulness caused by sudden ending to use sleep medications. Noise and light are two of the most common causes of sleeping disorders. Passing traffic outside your window, jets flying by, a neighbors TV, even your own TV left on while you are sleeping as well as many other noises may disturb your sleep even if you do not wake up completely. Even though your eyes are closed, light still comes through. If you do not want to wake up with the sun or you must sleep during the daytime keep your curtains closed. Disorders such as arthritis, angina, lower back injury, and headache may as well disturb sleep and wakening hours. Thus insomnia has many forms and many more causes. It is the disease and can be cured. Sometimes it is enough of your own effort, for example, making your sleeping hours more regular. Sometimes positioning of pillow, different type of mattress and pre-sleep behavior can make a difference. When insomnia lasts for a longer period of time you may need doctors help and consultation. Also remember, some people prove to be natural short-sleepers who need to stop believing that everyone needs eight hours of sleep. In fact, some people need more sleep while others need some less. Words/ Pages : 948 / 24

The Pearl Essays - The Pearl, Kino, Pearl, Poetry,

The Pearl Character Analysis of Kino from The Pearl Kino, a character from the story The Pearl, is a prime example of a developing character. From the start through to the end, he develops drastically. At the beginning, he was thought out to be a good loyal husband but as time went on he became a selfish, greedy person who would do anything for money. When the story began Kino seemed to be a good husband who wanted nothing more than to be able to support his family. After a scorpion had stung Coyotito, Kino prayed that he would find a pearl not to become a rich man but so that he could pay the doctor to heal the baby, as he would not work free. After Kino had spent long hard hours searching the ocean floor, he finally found the pearl he had worked for. At first when he found it, he only wanted to pay the doctor to cure Coyotito. However as time passed he began to think of all the things that he could acquire with the money form the pearl and began to develop greed and selfishness. When people asked him what he would buy now that he was a rich man, he was quick to list several items that came to his mind. One of these items was a rifle. Kino wanted a rifle because he wanted to show power over the rest of his village. When Kino took the pearl to the pearl buyers to sell, he was offered one thousand pesos. Kino declined that offer claiming that his pearl was The Pearl of the World. By reacting in such a manner he yet again demonstrates his greed. It is not about saving Coyotito anymore, for he is already feeling well, it is now about the money. Although one thousand pesos was more money than Kino had ever seen he demanded that he would get fifty thousand pesos. Later in the text, Kino discovers Juana trying to destroy the pearl, causing Kino to become very angry, and resulted in him beating her. Although Juana was in very much pain she accepted the beating as if it were a punishment and stayed with Kino. A while later Kino was attacked by another man who wanted the pearl for himself and defended his pearl by killing the man. It is around this point in the story where Kino displays his greatest point of greed and selfishness. When Kino gets ready to attack the trackers Coyotito lets out a cry awakening one of the sleeping trackers. The tracker on watch described the cry as being the cry of a baby, however, the tracker who had just awaked described it as being a coyote. The tracker on guard then lifted his rifle and shot in the direction of the sound. This sparked the deadliest of fuses in Kino, which turned him from a normal man into a fearsome, uncontrollable, machinelike man killing everything in it's path. When Kino returned to the village he looked at the pearl and began to realize the effect it had on him, his family, and his village, and decided to throw it back into the ocean where it came from. Kino has paid a large price to learn such a valuable lesson, that we should not let greed and our want for something to overcome us and let us lose sight of the important things in life such as family, health, and life itself.

At The Age That

At The Age That At The Age That At The Age That By Maeve Maddox A reader has a question about a â€Å"cute little sign† she bought: Something just isn’t right. Here’s the wording: â€Å"I am at the age that makeup is no longer optional.†    I want to replace â€Å"the age† with â€Å"that age† and change â€Å"that makeup† to â€Å"when makeup.† Any insights or suggestions? The difference between â€Å"the age† and â€Å"that age† is a matter of style, but when is the better grammatical choice than that. Both that and when can function as conjunctions, but when that is used as a conjunction, it usually introduces a noun clause: He believes that he can do no wrong. She believes that makeup is mandatory after a certain age. When is the usual choice to introduce an adverbial clause after words like age, day, and time. It’s the equivalent of the phrase â€Å"at which† or, in the case of day, â€Å"upon which†: A new study has revealed 37 to be  the age when  men are happiest. I look forward to the day when all children have an equal opportunity to access food and water that contributes to their health and well-being. Most people were at home and this was  the time when  the fewest trains were running. When that follows the words age, day, and time, it’s being used as a relative pronoun and serves as a subject or object in the clause it introduces: The right to retire with financial security  at the age that  has been promised throughout our working lives has been denied. (That stands for age and is the subject of â€Å"has been promised.†) Avondale students remember ‘a day that changed our country forever’ (That stands for day and is the subject of â€Å"changed.†) All we have to decide is what to do with  the time that  is given us. (That stands for time and is the subject of â€Å"is given†) The better wording for the reader’s sign is â€Å"I am at the age when makeup is no longer optional.† But she has hung the sign in her bathroom- an informal context, surely. I just wouldn’t give one like it as a present to an English teacher. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms40 Synonyms for Praise

People or Penguins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People or Penguins - Essay Example The surprising thing with all this talk on pollution is that it basically all boils down to control. Human beings have been in control of the environment for so long doing what they want with it and the pollution is a way the environment is retaliating back for it being misused. If people are to stop the pollution, it will definitely translate to a loss of control which not many would like to give up on. Are human beings willing to make any form of sacrifice of their lifestyle and what they have grown up getting used to in order to reduce pollution as well as saving the environment, the animal species as well as human beings from total extinction in the future? This is the million dollar question being indirectly asked in the article and whose answer lies within each individual. Taking care of the environment and wishing for its sustainability is an individual decision depending on how much a person loves the environment. People might try to be resistant to give up the control and cut back on some of the luxuries of life in order to trade it to living longer and in a clean and safe environment. It will mean a chance to contribute to the protection of the animal species as well as ensure their sustainability in the future. All that human beings need is a little push towards the right direction, a press of a few buttons and they will be on board with the ideas of how to completely end pollution. Is it truly possible for human beings to completely surrender their comfortable life such as having the convenience of a car among other things in life in order to save the environment? What can push people to the extent of them volunteering to end pollution and save the natural habitat which is the flora and

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

No Topic - Assignment Example So after some warm hugs and goodbyes I leave my city and shift abroad. Initially it is a bit difficult for me as it is a completely new surrounding, but gradually I start to get the taste of it. We are still in touch with each through phone calls and social media. Social media being so popular these days that it has almost created a virtual world for us where most of us like to live their lives. It does not make you feel that you are away from your near and dear ones. (Sherry Turkle, Alone Together) So it really helps me to be in touch my cousin and share my experience out here. Gradually my work pressure starts increasing and I get to spend lesser time online. As a result I don’t get enough time to sit and chat with my cousin online. He does expect it from me but does not complain. It has been around 3 months now that I have been situated here. Gradually our bonding is becoming distant. One Sunday I sit with my laptop and feel like having a chat with my cousin as it has been a long time. I check my inbox and find that my cousin has written me after a long time. I am all excited and happy. I start reading the mail only to get the shock of my life. He says that he missed me so much that he got a robot with my name and programmed it like me. In sense the robot likes what I like and has the same dissimilarities as mine. It is true that robotics is actually replacing humans in many ways like people use them to sweep the kitchen floor, take care of our aging parents, and provide us with reliable companionship. (Jonah Lehrer, â€Å"We, Robots†) But it is still hard to replace a complete human being. My cousin now spends most of the time with a robot that he calls by my name. Not that I am offended with this whole reaction of his. I am kind a shocked and deeply hurt inside. I always used to feel that I was that once special brother for my cousin and he used to love me that way but today it has completely changed for

Why are UFOs still a mystery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why are UFOs still a mystery - Essay Example There are many possible explanations as to why UFOs are still a mystery, some of which are discussed here. An unidentified flying object, UFO is â€Å"an object or light, reportedly seen in the sky, whose appearance, trajectory, and general dynamic and luminescent behavior do not readily suggest a logical, conventional explanation† (UFO). According to general belief, UFOs are spaceships, belonging to extraterrestrial life, or aliens. However, it is important to note that all unidentified objects in the sky need not necessarily belong to aliens. Many UFOs mistaken to be spaceships were actually found to be weather balloons or military airplanes. There have been many instances, however, where the appearance of a UFO could not be explained based on rational terrestrial phenomena, and it is believed that these can only be alien spacecrafts or flying saucers. Many instances of alien sightings on earth, have also been reported. For instance, a farmer and two members of the Mutual UF O Network, MUFON were reported to have seen a three-foot tall alien in Southeast US (Keen). In another event that occurred about 69 years ago over Los Angeles during the Second World War, a seemingly unidentifiable flying object was observed in the sky while the West Coast was preparing for an air raid, . Around 1,400 shells were fired at it. Yet, it managed to remain in flight â€Å"despite an intense artillery barrage that lasted 25 minutes† (Linkhorn). This incident was soon forgotten and was later revived as a â€Å"possible UFO event (Linkhorn). Describing the event and the UFO observed then, Bruce Maccabee, a UFO researcher states, â€Å"The technology goes beyond what we have† (qtd. in Linkhorn). Due to technological as well as intellectual limitations, the presence of extra terrestrial life and flying saucers will always remain a mystery. Nevertheless, the UFO sightings on earth do need further investigations to ascertain whether or not they belong to alien be ings. In spite of video and photographic proofs, apart from eye witnesses, UFOs still remain a mystery. The possible reasons as to why UFOs are still a mystery could be the absence of sound and rational evidence in favor of flying saucers. Inconsistent records, improper reporting by eyewitnesses, and governmental cover-ups may also be held responsible. From another perspective, it may also be assumed that UFOs especially flying saucers belonging to extra terrestrials do not really exist, and that they are actually fake stories perpetrated in order to hide military secrets. 1. Improper reporting and inconsistent records Improper reporting by witnesses of UFOs, hoax reports and lack of consistent records is one of the major reasons behind the prevalence of UFO mysteries. While innumerable sightings are reported worldwide, not all witnesses report a single incident with uniformity. This instigates doubt and disbelief in their existence. However, the witnesses and reporters cannot be bl amed for the lack of accurate information. Humans are bound by physical limitations. Furthermore, UFOs travel at extremely swift speeds. It is difficult to assimilate accurate details when confronted with a UFO sighting. Moreover, owing to the high velocities of these objects, they are reported to be seen at many different locations simultaneously. According to Peter Davenport, the executive director of the National UFO Reporting Center: It appears these things are capable of traveling at unimaginably high velocities. So a UFO that’s seen over Wenatchee can be over Florida or the Ivory Coast, I believe, certainly within minutes, and possibly

Compensation Strategy In Translation

Compensation Strategy In Translation Seems its a big deal to make up the loss of idiomatic expressions in translating idioms from one language to another one. How can translators come up with this problem? Considering an English novel as the source document and its Persian translations as the target text, we mean to answer this question. Extracting idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, is the first step to start. Then we made a comparison of gathered information with their Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi for the next stage. Following compensation strategy by adding target language idioms somewhere in the translated texts by the Persian translators, is an open door to manage the idiomatic loss in their translations. This indicates that, if in any case its not possible to translate a source language idiom as an idiom in target language, the translator can compensate the loss of the idiom by adding a target language idiom to places where there initially was a non-idiom. Key words: English Idiom, Persian Translation, Translation Strategies, Compensation Strategy, Source Text (ST), Target Text (TT), Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL). Introduction: Translation is generally explained as a process in which the translator transfers the meaning of a SL text into TL under the circumstances of preserving the content and accuracy of original text, as far as it is possible. Where there is no equivalent for a SL idiom in the TL, the translator gets throughout compensation strategy to fill this incurred gap. The more skilled the translator is, the better will be the translation. If you are enthusiastic to this issue as we are, this is the paper you can refer to and take your answer. Theoretical Background: Translation Bell (ibid.: 6) argues that a total equivalence between a source language text and its translation is something that can never be fully achieved. According to Bassnett-McGuire (1980: 2), the aim of translation is that the meaning of the target language text is similar to that of the source language text, and that the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. In other words, the source language structure must not be imitated to such an extent that the target language text becomes ungrammatical or sounds otherwise unnatural or clumsy. Idiom: Idioms are the major and natural part of all languages as well as a prominent part of our everyday discourse. Idioms are such a normal part of our language use that we hardly even notice how vastly we use them in our everyday speech and writing. English is a language full of idioms, so, learners of English should be aware of their nature, types, and use. Using many idioms in English language is one of the aspects that makes it somehow difficult to learn for a Persian learner. They can be used in formal style and in slang. Idiom is defined as a group of words which have different meaning when used together from the one they would have if you took the meaning of each word individually (Collins Cobuild dictionary, 1990 edition). Indeed, the meaning of idiom can only be inferred through its meaning and function in context, as shown in the examples below (from Fernando, 1996). bread and butter, as in `It was a simple bread and butter issue (see further below); bless you, which is usually used in the context of cordial expressions; go to hell, which indicates that there is a conflict among interlocutors in an interpersonal contact; In sum, which indicates relations among portions and components of a text. Idioms are a set of phrases have different meaning from its individual parts of the phrases. Sometimes it is hard to recognize the meaning of a phrase just by knowing the meaning of the words including in it e.g. paint the town red is a phrase which has a meaning other than the meaning of its words separately, it means having a good time! Moon (1998, p.4) claims that idiom denotes a general term for many kinds of multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ word expressions whether semantically opaque or not. Some traditional theories of idiomaticity assumed that idioms are frozen, semantic units that are essentially non-compositional (Hambin Gibbs, 1999, p.26). However, there have been a number of semantic classification systems proposed since 1980 for rating the composition of idioms which basically give differing names to the same concepts (Grant Bauer, 2004). Fernando (as cited in Liu, 2003) developed a scale by which to categorize idiomatic expressions and habitual collocation into 3 categories: pure (nonliteral), semi literal, and literal (p.673). 1. Pure Idioms. Fernando defines pure idiom as a type of conventionalized, nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literal multiword expression (Fernando, 1996, p.36). Pure idioms are always non literal, however they may be either invariable or may have little variation. In addition, idioms are said to be opaque (Fernando, 1996, p.32). For example, Let the cat out of the bag (to reveal a secret or a surprise by accident). 2. Semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ idioms. Semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ idioms may have one or more literal constituents and one with nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literal sub sense. Therefore, this type of idioms is considered partially opaque (Fernando, 1996, p.60). For example, middle of nowhere (a very isolated place). 3. Literal idioms. This subà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ group of idioms has limited variance. They are less complicated than two other groups. Moreover, literal idioms are considered to be clear as they can be interpreted on the basis of their components. For example Coming out (to exit; to leave the inside of a place). Translating Idioms: working with English, the translator may easily recognize if an idiom violates `truth conditions, as in `it is raining cats and dogs, `storm in a teacup, jump down someones throat, etc. It may be hard to recognize, if the idiom is not of this nature, and translators may just think of it as an ordinary expression, with the consequence of either losing its tone or losing its meaning. There are two sources which may cause misinterpretation: The first possible source is that there are idioms which can mislead readers/users; they do not sound idiomatic at all, but at a closer look, careful readers would find the hidden idioms. An example given by Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye is `got the axe in the following text: The manager warned me, but I didnt notice, so I got the axe. On the first look, readers may interpret it in terms of a person who took an axe and wanted to do something with it like cut a tree but at a closer look, a careful reader may find out that means to lose the job. The second source of misinterpretation occurs when the words in an idiom have equivalents in the target language (i.e. in Persian) but with totally different meaning. Another good example given by Salinger is the idiom: for the birds. Winter weather is for the birds. At first it may be understood that this sentence means winter weather is good for the birds but it makes no sense because the meaning is really different and it means worthless; undesirable. Strategies used translating idioms Idioms are culture bound and this is another challenge for the translator to transfer the exact meaning and content of SL idiom into TL idiom perfectly. For the sake of solving these difficulties the translator may apply a strategy. Using the appropriate method in this process, the translators can get over the difficulties easily and it is valuable and useful for their works. Mona Baker, in her book In Other Words (1992), defines the following strategies for translating idiomatic expressions: 1) using an idiom with the same meaning and form, 2) using an idiom with the similar meaning but different form, 3) by paraphrase, 4) by omission. (1) Translating an idiom with the same meaning and form: The first translation strategy by Mona Baker is translating TL idiom similar in its form and meaning to the SL idiom. For example: Tooth and nail ((Ø ¨ÃƒËœ Ú† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¯ Ùˆ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   (2) Translating an idiom with the similar meaning but different form: Another strategy suggested by Mona Baker is translating a SL idiom into TL idiom the same meaning but different form. In this case, the translator does not preserve the lexical items and translate as a semantic equivalent. For example: Acid tongue in her head. (Ø ²ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ù† Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ) (3) Translation by paraphrase: The most common strategy in translation of idioms is paraphrase. Translators often cannot translate a SL idioms as a TL idiom, therefore they use the paraphrase strategy by using a word or a group of words in TL exactly related to the meaning of that idiom in SL which may be a non-idiom. Newmark (1988, p.109) says that while using this strategy not only components of sense will be missing or added, but the emotive or pragmatic impact will be reduced or lost. Still, paraphrase is usually descriptive and explanatory; sometimes it preserves the style of the original idiom as well. For example: On tenterhooks. ((Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ «Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ªÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (4) Translation by omission: According to Baker (1992, p.77) omission is allowed only in some cases: first, when there is no close equivalent in the target language; secondly, when it is difficult to paraphrase; finally, an idiom may be omitted for stylistic reasons. This strategy is not used very frequently. In fact, it is not approved by many scholars and some of them do not include it among other translation strategies (Veisbergs, 1989). However, sometimes its impossible to translate a SL idiom into TL, so the translator may use another strategy called compensation. In this strategy the translator omit an idiom and may put another idiom elsewhere in the TL text by preserving the effect of SL idiom. Compensation Strategy: Compensation is a strategy most definitely worth considering, while it can be used as one possible strategy for dealing with idioms and quite an effective one for compensating the loss caused by translating. Therefore, in order to preserve the idiomaticity of the original text and to avoid the mentioned loss, many translators resort to compensation in translating idioms as their final but workable strategy. That is when an idiom is not possible to be translated into TT, a translators last effort is to compensate an idiom by omitting that and putting an idiom in another place, by preserving the usage effect of idiom in the ST. Nida and Taber (1969) mention that, whereas one inevitably loses many idioms in the process of translation one also stands to gain a number of idioms (p. 106). Baker (1992) indicates that in compensation, a translator may leave out a feature such as idiomaticity where it arise in the ST and introduce it somewhere else in the TT (p. 78). In support of this idea, Newmark (1991) suggests that all puns, alliterations, rhyme, slang, metaphor and pregnant words can be compensated in translation. Though he further adds that, compensation is the procedure which in the last resort ensures that translation is possible (pp.143à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 144). Theoretical framework We agree with Lorenzo, M. et al., in that the first step a translator must take is to clearly define his objective before producing a translation which is as true as possible to the original text. One of the aspects of Hans Vermeers concept of skopos (1989:227) is the establishment of a clearly defined objective or purpose for translation; Any form of translation, including translation itself, may be understood as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. The word skopos is a technical word for the aim or purpose of translation. Nidas Dynamic Equivalence In the process of translating idioms, the translator may face many difficulties which is not a simple task to overcome. The major problem is the lack of equivalence in the process of translation. It would be desirable if a translator could find a TL idiom which is the same as that in structure and content of SL idiom. Anyway every language, both source and target, has its own idioms and it may be hard to find the precise source equivalent in the target language. The definition of dynamic equivalence is initially given by Eugene A. Nida in his book Toward a Science of the Translation (Nida, E.A., 1964:161). Nida is an American translator, scholar, teacher, leader, influencer, conceptualizer, innovator, and influential theoretician. Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence deals with the message, in both form and content whereas dynamic equivalence translation is based on the principle of equivalent effect. The translator is not concerned with the source language message, but rather with the dynamic relationship. Dynamic equivalence connects the target language and culture in order to make messages comprehensible to target language receptors. For instance, if we translate a phrase like two hemorrhages apiece literally into Persian, it will produce a nonsensical meaning for the Persian receptor. Idiomatic expressions may not seem understandable when translated from one language to another. In such cases the equivalence counterpart Ø ®Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  قؠ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ can be used to make it understandable to the receptor. In this view the translator has brought an equivalent which the original author most likely meant. Method: Corpus: The study is based on a contrastive comparison between the two Persian translations of The Catcher in the Rye by Muhammad Najafi and Ahmad Karimi. In this study we tried to achieve which of these translators has followed the compensation strategy in his own translation, and whether they have been successful in this process or not. Gathering the data: Collecting the data, of course, is as important as other stages (like conclusion) and even more important. Because the more accurate the gathered data is so, the more favorable the result will be. Focusing on the process in this study, we long to explain the steps in data collecting, respectively. At the earliest step, we extracted English idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of the novel, then found their Persian equivalents from two Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi of the same novel. We aimed to know whether English idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not and whether English non-idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not. Then we read the aforementioned translated chapter by two translators several times to clarify if they may be idioms. We looked up English idioms in Idioms Oxford Dictionary, although we had difficulty in recognizing the exact idiom at first. On the other hand, as we are Persian students, it was not hard to find Persian idioms as difficult as English idioms, anyway. But on non-idioms, we considered the most English phrases or sentences which translated as idioms in TL. Maybe you ask why we chose this novel. As you know, of course, this novel is rich in idioms and it makes the work for researcher to access the idealistic results easier. Then we counted the idioms and non-idioms in both original text and its Persian translations by two translators. Table 1. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Idioms J.D. Salingers Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 44 Idiomatic 22 18 Non- Idiomatic 22 26 In this table, we calculated the total numbers of English idioms (N=44) which is translated by translators, either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. As you can see, here, Najafi translated more English idioms (N=44) into Persian idioms (N=22) than Karimi. We guess, this table will confirm our claim that Najafi has translated much more skilful than Karimi, because he got use of compensation strategy by adding more Persian idioms than Karimi. Anyway, our purpose is not to compare persons and is just to determine if there is any use of compensation strategy in each of these translations. Table 2. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Non-idioms J.D. Salingers Non-Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 42 Idiomatic 42 26 Non-Idiomatic 0 16 This table also illustrated that Najafi translated 42 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. On the other hand, Karimi translated 26 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. This table shows how Najafi and Karimi have functioned in translating non-idioms into idioms. By total non-idioms, we mean those which translated as idioms by Najafi and it will be our criteria for counting Karimis idioms and non-idioms. Table 3. Total Number of Different Data Extracted from Both Translations and the Original Text Data J.D. Salinger Najafi Karimi Idiom 44 64 44 Non-idiom 42 22 42 Total 86 86 86 This table confirms that Najafi has translated the novel more idiomatic (N=64) than Karimi (N=44). Classifying the Data: After extracting and counting the total idioms in both original text and its translations, it revealed that translators had applied 3 different translation strategies for idioms. These strategies were: Translating English Idioms into Persian Idioms Translating English Idioms into Persian Non-idioms Translating English Non-idioms into Persian Idioms Analyzing the Data: In this stage, we analyzed the whole collected data and calculated frequency and the percentage proportion of each strategy in the same translations. The results are shown in the tables below; Table 4. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 22 50 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 22 50 Total 44 100 Table 5. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 18 40.90 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 26 59.10 Total 44 100 Table 6. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 42 100 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 0 Total 42 100 Table 7. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 26 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 16 38.10 Total 42 100 Table 8. Percentage of each Applied Strategies in both Translations Strategy Najafi Karimi Translation of non-idiom with idiom 100 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 38.10 Total 100 100 Results: The results show that both translators, Najafi and Karimi, have applied three strategies in translating idioms: translating English idioms with Persian idioms, translating English idioms with Persian non-idioms, translating English non-idioms with Persian idioms, and translating English non-idioms with Persian non-idioms. One of the translators, Najafi, used more frequently the first and the third (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian idioms) strategy in his translation, on the other hand, the latter translator, Karimi, used the second and the last (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian non-idioms) strategy more often. Discussion and Conclusion: As mentioned before, its hard to translate a SL idiom into TL idiom regarding the accurateness and the faithfulness of SL into TL. In this stud, out of 44 extracted idioms from J.D. Salingers novel, 22 (50%) of the expressions have not been translated as idioms by Najafi. In the same case, Karimi has translated 18 (40.90%) of the idioms with Persian idioms and the remaining 26(59.10%) idioms have been translated non-idiomatically. This imbalance between the total number of idioms and their non-idiomatic translations causes a loss of idiomaticity in the Persian translated texts. Some of these idiomatic losses have been compensated for elsewhere in the text, since the translators have replaced some English language non-idioms with Persian idioms. By this strategy, Najafi has added 42 idioms and Karimi has added 26 idioms to their translations. We recognized that theres not the exact contrast in numbers of idioms in two languages(SL,TL), but its very common in translation. The translators were somehow successful here in compensating idiom gaps in the TL. Furthermore, they compensated those non-idiom expressions in the original context to function better on their translations. Compensation strategy is considered here as the best to translate idioms, non-idioms and figure of speech as well.

The Civil War Essays -- essays research papers

American History, The Civil War After the Constitution was adopted by all of the States in 1789, uniting the States into one nation, differences between the States had been worked out through compromises. By 1861 these differences between the Northern States and the Southern States had become so great that compromise would no longer work. Thus, a conflict started within our nation that was called the Civil War. For more than 30 years arguments between the North and South had been growing. One of these quarrels was about taxes paid on goods brought into this country from foreign countries. This kind of tax is called a tariff. In 1828 Northern businessmen helped get the "Tariff Act" passed. It raised the prices of manufactured products from Europe which were sold mainly in the South. The purpose of the law was to encourage the South to buy the North's products. It angered the Southern people to have to pay more for the goods they wanted from Europe or pay more to get goods from the North. Either way the Southern people were forced to pay more because of the efforts of Northern businessmen. Though most of tariff laws had been changed by the time of the Civil War, the Southern people still remembered how they were treated by the Northern people. In the years before the Civil War the political power in the Federal Government, centered in Washington D.C., was changing. The Northern and Mid-Western States were becoming more and more powerful as the populations increased. The Southern States were losing political power. Just as the original thirteen colonies fought for their independence almost 100 years earlier, the Southern States felt a growing need for freedom from the central Federal authority in Washington D.C. They felt that each State should make its own laws. This issue was called "State's Rights". Some Southern States wanted to secede, or break away from the United States of America and govern themselves. Another quarrel between the North and South, and perhaps the most emotional one, was over the issue of slavery. Farming was the South's main industry and cotton was the primary farm product. Not having the use of machines, it took a great amount of human labor to pick cotton. A large number of slaves were used in the South to provide the labor. Many slaves were also used to provide labor for the various household chores that needed ... ...lying raw materials for the industrialization of the more prosperous North. The reenactment of the fall of Richmond seemed to symbolize the cooling of Confederate passion. The ceremony drew 850 people, while one mile away, 1,500 jammed Broad Street t for a walk to benefit the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. On the lawn of the Capitol, belles wore black as a fifeanddrum corps led the Northern charge, startling couples eating brunch on downtown patios. Another neglected chapter unfolds along Lee's Retreat, a 20stop driving tour promoted by the National Park Service and economic development agencies. Reflectorized signs featuring red, white and blue bugles point the way across the lush, increasingly hilly terrain from Petersburg to Appomattox Court House, where the surrender took place. After the Constitution was adopted by all of the States in 1789, uniting the States into one nation, differences between the States had been worked out through compromises. By 1861 compromises had been practically thrown out the window because no one would listen to the other. Thus, a conflict started within our nation that was called the Civil War.

I’m Glad it did’nt Happen to Me

It was Wednesday night all four of my friends were gathered at my bedroom for sleepover as the next day, dad was coming from Los Santos to pick us up and we would go to the grand party at hotel meridian, that one of my friends Lilly had kept. It was breezing cold outside even though the windows and blinds were down I could feel the chilling cold and for some reason I was scared, scared for what was going to happen tomorrow.The next day came and we all woke up sluggishly from bed and waited eagerly for dad to come until then we all changed into our dashing party dress, till around 9 in the morning my dad came and we all sat in his big new pajero and then waited eagerly for the destination.On the way we had party in the car and turned the whole car untidy, but I was blessed with the best dad and he didn’t say anything for the mess even we had broken his precious photo frame kept at the back of the car my mom had given him, my mom was no longer alive she had died when I was 6 by cancer and my dad doesn’t talk about her much now, anyways dad announced that we’ll be reaching there in a minute or so and when we did what a splendid surprise we got, our older friends who were the most dear to us were there and we were glad about that†¦..And there came the organizer of the party Lilly beckhams our most important and loved friend, she had always helped us so there was no way that we could reject her invitation to the party†¦. she then escorted all of us inside.. dad wasn’t feeling well so he went home and now we were all there our whole gang the group of the naughtiest girls of high school†¦.We started the fun we had music, dance, neon dance and fun with neon colors, food, and most all our dresses, they had became dirty as hell we were so much busy with enjoying the party that no one noticed that it was dusk and when I glanced at my watch it was almost 8, I called my dad to pick us up from the party and we waited till then in Li lly’s bedroom and freshened up ourselves, I made coffee for everyone and some of my other friends started to move we hugged each other and bid them good bye now there were only four of us and Lilly, we waited for my dad to come†¦..And suddenly I heard loud horns and all four of us hugged Lilly and went downstairs to meet dad he was waiting for us in his pajero wearing his favorite Nike T-shirt and khakis†¦ We went home and hit the sacks†¦.. my friends had to go the next morning so they changed themselves into night suits†¦ †¦but I didn’t even bother to do that†¦. the next morning I was awaken by the loud ringing of my phone I picked it up andAsked who it was the reply was somewhat like this â€Å"Hello, is this Michelle, I’m the manager of hotel meridian and I called you to tell that the night you left minutes later there was a gas leak in Lilly’s bedroom and the whole room was on fire and I am sorry that we couldn’t save Lilly† I had forgotten the language I spoke, tears rolled down my cheeks, she was the apple of my eye and seeing her suffer like that it was dreadful not only me but we were all in the same boat, little did we know that that was the last cup of coffee we drank with her, the last party we had with her, and the last time we saw her smile, but on the other hand I was glad it didn’t happen to me

John Q

Some movies have the power to captivate you as if you are experiencing the drama for yourself. A mixture of emotions flow into words and actions seen on screen that may motivate us in reflecting our own actions In life. The New Line Cinema Presentation of John Q. Directed by Nick Captivates has a powerful story line that has an array of emotions and conflicts that reflect society. Some of the characters In this movie convey many feelings yet the predominant one shown here Is greed and It Is seen in many forms.This story is based upon a lower class man who was dedicated to his son who errantly is fighting a heart aliment. The situation took a turn for the worse when John and his wife could not supply the sufficient amount of money to fund the operation. Not helping the situation his insurance company changed their coverage policy without him knowing; he was no longer covered for health benefits. The insanity of losing his son drove John to take over the hospitals' emergency room deman ding that his son be placed on the donor's list for the first available heart.At the apex of the movie a donor came through with a heart for his little son Michael ND he was found guilty on the account of detailing hostages against their will. The movie conveyed many strong issues that face society today. The first of these is the lack of health care that should be provided for any person or persons in need of medical attention. The unfortunate incident of John's health insurance should be basis for the grounds of a lawsuit. Even though they promised reimbursement the funds were not the coverage he needed to make this operation possible.This element of the movie showed to me a sensate idea of turning your back on a man, owing back on your word, and then telling him he has a new insurance plan that he did not agree to and had no knowledge of Is yellow. I think that a person burdened with problems must get themselves out of their own problems before they make them somebody else's. The denial to perform this operation due to his lack of sufficient funds was a slap in the face. Society has laws that are voted on that deal with health insurance coverage. This movie showed the true color of what really happens when you aren't covered in society based upon greed.The hospital took the liberty of making the choice for John by deciding to discharge Michael and have him return home; no questions asked. The lead surgeon of the hospital would not agree to commence the operation despite John's small amounts of money that he was bringing in. Later it was revealed that Michaels medical problem was overlooked for so long due to doctors keeping their mouths shut. The Insurance company would pay these doctors off as long as the insurance company would not take a hit In the coverage of a sick child under the erection of a doctor.The doctors don't send them so the Insurance doesn't have to cover. The events that unfolded were the effects of greed In society. Conveyed greed. She st ated that people without insurance sometimes get the raw end of the deal, she has to make these decisions all the time and sometimes people die. The woman's sole purpose was concerned with making money from the situation. She had no value of life and was willing to throw someone's away that she could have given hope back to. Through the movie they explain that they do undress of these operations a year and the question is how come you can't make one exception.Despite her bitterness in the beginning she changed her outlook after hearing John converse with his son. She emotionally broke down to the point of where she put Michaels name on the donor's list. This changing of the tide gave me a sense that she is human. She faced a hard decision and ended up regretting denying Michael in the first place. The head of police chief conveyed another aspect of greed. He was driven by his new election year to make things right for the city. He didn't care for the situation so he made the call to have John Q fired upon after lying to him.He didn't listen to the facts and was concerned with getting re elected next term so he didn't want this blemish on his record. The greed portrayed here is seen as Just another hostage situation and I being the head of police chief have to look good for next election despite the lives I take. This disgusting action is yet again the truth revealed in society. Being human all he was self absorbed in was the fact that he wanted to have this problem Just go away so he didn't look bad. The final emotion conveyed in this film was compassion shown by John Q in several situations.He took desperate measures in order to preserve his sons life. He was caring to the hostages that he took in and related to each in some way knowing that everyone has problems and that he did not want to be the burden of them. Eventually, John came to the apex of the movie telling the surgeon to take his own heart out of his chest and give it to his dying son. That showed true character to me that he was willing to sacrifice his own life Just to save the one life that he brought into this world.

Maldonado Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History

Maldonado Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History Maldonado is a nickname used to indicate an individual who was ugly or ignorant, from the Spanish mal donado meaning ill favored, from mal, meaning badly, plus donado, meaning given, endowed. Maldonado was also sometimes a habitational surname, indicating someone who came from Maldonado, a village in the province of Albacete, Spain. Maldonado is the 51st most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish, Portuguese Alternate Surname Spellings: de Maldonado, Maldanado, de Maldanado, Maledanado, de Maledanado, Maldolado, Moldonado, Baldonado, Montano, Valdonado, Valdonao, Maldonao Where Do People With the MALDONADO Surname Live? According to WorldNames  PublicProfiler  the majority of individuals with the Maldonado surname live in Argentina, followed by concentrations in Spain, the United States, France, and Switzerland. Forebears includes surname distribution data from many additional countries, and it identifies Maldonado as most prevalent in Mexico and most common in Puerto Rico, where it ranks 23rd in the nation. The Maldanado variant is most common in the United States. Famous People Pastor Rafael Maldonado - Venezuelan Formula One driverAbel Maldonado – American politician, 48th Lieutenant Governor of CaliforniaCandido Candy Maldonado – former American Major League Baseball outfielderJosà © Maldonado - Puerto Rican revolutionaryDiego Maldonado -  captain under Spanish  explorer  Hernando de Soto Genealogy Resources The following articles contain additional useful information: 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish speaking countries. Maldonado Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Maldonado family crest or coat of arms for the Maldonado surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Family Tree DNA: Maldonado Family DNA ProjectThis ancestral DNA testing project aims to determine which Maldonado lines are connected and the ethnic origin of these lines. Maldonado Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Maldonado surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Maldonado query. FamilySearch - Maldonado GenealogyAccess over 1.2 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Maldonado surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Maldonado RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Maldonado surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries. Maldonado Surname Family Mailing ListsThis free mailing list for researchers of the Maldonado surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - Maldonado Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Maldonado. The Maldonado Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Maldonado from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

'He treated only one subject - himself.' How applicable is this to the Essay

'He treated only one subject - himself.' How applicable is this to the work of Wordsworth - Essay Example Considered one of William Wordsworth's most important poems, The Prelude occupied the poet throughout his life. Wordsworth revised the poem intermittently but he did not publish it during his lifetime. The Prelude is autobiographical and essential to understand Wordsworth' life and poetry. The Prelude's fourteen books collect Wordsworth's meditations on his life, his poetic vocation and its evolution, and some historic critics claim it contains the poet's thoughts on his contemporary political context, such as his views on the French Revolution. However can we really insist that Wordsworth only wrote about himself And if we do, could we argue that other talented poets or authors have not done the same Wordsworth portrayed himself as a gifted man as he could dedicate himself to his poetry. In that sense we find that freedom in his work as he freely talks about all the subjects that he believed were crucial at that time. We would be wrong to see The Prelude as a one subject poem: the a uthor. It is mainly an epic debate of the themes of man and nature, a meditation of the mind. We can note, even from the titles of the fourteen books, -"Childhood and school-time", "Residence at Cambridge", "Summer Vacation", "Cambridge and the Alps", "Residence in London", "Residence in France", that this long poem is purely autobiographical. It would be a mistake. Using himself as a character, applying a personification, is only the method which Wordsworth chose to explore the themes of man and nature, and depict the "life of a nineteenth century man" Wordsworth is also referring to his own evolution, recognizing he has lost his childhood's imagination and replaced it with the wisdom that comes with age. The narrator is the poet himself and the subject of the poem is the poet. However, this is a timeless theme, the loss of innocence, the passage from childhood to being adult. This newfound wisdom allows him to see the "still, sad music of humanity" because he can achieve a more meaningful and realistic understanding of nature. This poem brings together two of what were Wordsworth's most profound concerns: nature and the self. Furthermore, Wordsworth needs to depict himself in his poems as he's presenting complex notions which can only be argued by living experiences. In "Tintern Abbey" Wordsworth wrote "the picture of the mind revives again" presenting one of his most important ideas: the memory is the instrument of the associative or transformative power. He sees a landscape through his mental picture of the same landscape, but five years earlier. How would it be possible to develop such a theory if he had not experienced it himself And what better means of persuading the reader of the true nature of this theory than depicting a personal experience - therefore personifying himself - which can bind every human being For Wordsworth, poetry was more than just a form of creative expression. He regarded it as a learning tool he could use to educate his readers on significance of history. Wordsworth believed that history not only shaped the world in which man lived, but also mankind itself. Wordsworth did not allow the repetition of history's mistakes to turn him into a jaded cynic. He productively used what he had seen, experienced and red and transformed it into poetry which was not only eloquent, but educational. With "The Prelude," he was speaking directly to his readers, in

Three Basic Functions That Hierarchical Systems Can Be Designed to Essay

Three Basic Functions That Hierarchical Systems Can Be Designed to Fulfil - Essay Example An organisation is often an entity that aims at commercialisation a solution to the members of the public. It is therefore a fabrication of the people who own control the production and those who are funding the business. These people are often the owners and shareholders of the business. They therefore have the power to get things done in the organisation.The owners of organisations have the power and authority to produce what the company was set up to produce. However, since they might not be capable of managing and running the day-to-day affairs of the organisation, they will need to get other people to do it for them. This is known as delegation. Delegation enables owners to grant authority to people who do their work for them. The people to whom power is delegated have to be accountable to the people who granted them that authority.Due to accountability, there is the need for communication between various people in the organisation so that each of them are in touch with updates on their requirements and expectations. As different delegates operate in a given entity, an organisational culture forms and there are relationships with stakeholders. This brings up the need for some structures to support the organisation and maintain consistency.Hierarchical Structure Weber identified three main things in the bureaucratical model (Walonic, 1993). First of all, an organisation must have a hierarchical structure because there is the need for division of labour.... First of all, an organisation must have a hierarchical structure because there is the need for division of labour. In other words, the people in authority needs to divide up work to specific tasks and functions which can be effectively discharged by people they can employ. This therefore means that work will be divided amongst different people who will be expected to discharge them within the tenets of the organisation. Division of labour automatically comes with the idea of specialisation. Specialisation boils down to the fact that each division of work will master its responsibilities and continue to perfect its operations and outputs as it operates. The concept of specialisation ensures that standards are set and people with the most appropriate qualifications and experience can be appointed to discharge the job. Secondly, Weber identifies that hierarchical structures exist in organisations to ensure that a formal set of rules can be instituted. This effectively means that importa nt rules and ideas can be made and observed by members of the organisation through a defined framework. This ensure stability of the organisation. This is because the problem of chaos and anarchy can be eliminated and different people in the organisation can get a standard to which they can operate. Secondly, the idea of formal rules in the hierarchical structure ensures that there is uniformity and people are aware of what to do and how to do it. Thirdly, the hierarchical structure ensures that leadership and behaviour of the people in the company is rational and legal in nature. In other words, the hierarchical structure ensures that the most efficient systems and justified methods and tools are utilised in an organisation. This therefore means that the